2018年蒋建平工作室学员优秀教学案例（1） 陈媛

运用语篇语言学理论

进行的高中英语阅读教学实践探索

----阅读讲评课探索

蒋建平工作室  陈媛

所运用的语篇语言学理论：

1. 微观结构与宏观结构：是基于语篇内容进行分析，表征的基本构造块是“命题”，即包含了一个谓语和相关题元的意义单元。微观结构是由这样的命题组成的命题网络，表现的是一句一句的、自下而上的语篇信息。宏观结构是反映语篇主旨的全局性语义结构的抽象表征，它可以通过对微观结构的具体语义表征应用宏观规则的操作来实现。（宏观规则包括删除、概括、组编）Van Dijk & Kintsch用宏观结构可以预测哪些信息是读者最容易记住的。

2. 主题（Theme）一个语篇总是要表达的一定意思、思想，就是语篇的主题。

3. 信息结构与语篇结构：信息结构information structure理论是从功能的角度，分析小句内各个成分在实现交际时的作用。语篇结构discourse structure谈论的是语篇内各个意义构块呈现出的组织上的结构关系。主位推进模式（Patterns of Thematic Progression）揭示了句子的主位结构与语篇之间的组织。

4. 形式与意义：语篇的正确性（well-formedness）主要与意义有关。语篇组成成分的语段意义是如何连接在一起，形成一个统一、连贯的信息整体。

5. TACSPS文本分析：即针对文本中的theme, author, character, scene, problem, solution的几个要素进行文本解读和分析。

实例探索1

Learning Objectives：

1. 能基于观察语篇的宏观结构获得对语篇的较为正确的预测和判断。

2. 能通过快速阅读定位主题出处，把握语篇主题意义。

3. 能运用语篇结构和某些信息结构去找出事实细节信息，并能做出合乎作者本义的判断。

Learning Procedures:

A

You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?

Jane Addams(1860-1935)

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addans helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of a785bmunity(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson(1907-1964)

If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s  lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)

When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the  U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks(1913-2005)

On December 1,1955,in Montgomery, Alabama, Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgmery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks. （2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅰ））

Activity 1 Reading for structure

Read the passage and draw the structure of it.

Activity 2 Reading for characteristics of famous women.

Name

Achievements/Titles

Activity 3 Reading for inference

What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?

A they are highly educated  B they are truly creative

C they are pioneers        D they are peace-lovers

B

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

   No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study grandparents a785b. 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson ‘s decision will influence the grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.

“in the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of grand, a magazine for grandparents. We now realize how important family is and how important to be near them, especially when you’re raining children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

（2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅰ））

Activity 1 Reading for theme

1.Do you know the function of underlined sentence is?

A  Explanatory   B  Transition  C Topic

2.“the trend” means_________________.

Activity 2 Reading for useful information

1.Why was Garza’s move a success?

A it strengthened her family ties

B it improved her living condition

C it enabled her to make more friends

D it helped her know more new places

2. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?

A they were unsure of themselves

B they were eager to raise more children

C they wanted to live away from their parents

D they had little respect for their grandparents

Activity 3 Reading for further understanding

1. Please find out the sentence to show the author’s opinion.

_____________________________________________________

2. Analyze this part of the passage and decide which is the author’s opinion.

Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.

D. Get to know themselves better.

C

I am peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since  March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.

I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:”Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you-there are no fights from Washington.”So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.”She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small place to be held for me re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.

For this courier job, you’re consciously aware than that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.

（2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅰ））

Activity 1 Reading for structure.

Read and draw the structure of the passage.

Activity 2 Reading for further understanding

1.How did the author describe his experience?

Last year, I was ______ by a _______ in America. I ________ the stem cells in Providence, and was _______ fly to _______ then _______ London. But I was told there are no _____ from Washington. After my explanation, the lady on the desk _______ a flight on a small plane _________ for me, _______ me ______ Newark and _____ me _____ the UK even earlier than originally ______.

2.According to the author’s description, could you infer the author’s job?

A donor  B delivery man  C collector  D medical doctor

3. Could you infer how the author is?(adj.)____________________________

D

The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely una785bfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.

Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of a785bmunicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they a785be across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

（2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（课标全国卷Ⅰ））

Activity 1 Reading for theme

1.Read Para.1and underline the theme of the passage.

2.What may be the best title for the text?

A Sound and Silence     B What It Means to Be Silent

C Silence to Native Americans  D Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

Activity 2 Reading for structure

A

                                   B

C

Activity 3 Reading for detail.

People from different countries

Meanings of Silence

Native Americans

Traditional Chinese & Thai persons& persons in Asian cultures

Russian, French,and Spanish persons

Mexicans

Nurses and other care-givers

Activity 4 Reading for further understanding

Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

1.“this” means ____________.

2.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?

A let it continue as the patient pleases

B break it while treating patients

C evaluate its harm to patients

D make use of its healing effects

Learning Assessments:

1.我能基于观察语篇的宏观结构获得对语篇的较为正确的预测和判断。（如A篇D篇）

2.我能通过快速阅读定位主题出处，把握语篇主题意义。（B、D篇）

3.我能运用语篇结构和某些信息结构去找出事实细节信息，并能做出合乎作者本义的判断。（ABCD篇的事实细节题）

Learning Reflect: