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​语篇分析理论视角下的高中英语写作实践探索

文/张彩  时间:2017-11-08  浏览数:462

语篇分析理论视角下的高中英语写作实践探索

双流艺体中学     张彩

[摘要]写作课是长期进行的类型训练,第一个是结构学习,head---body (events&causes;facts&events;reasons&causes)---endings/conclusions,。先教学生结构,结构一旦和话题,应用文结合就会呈现多样性。 结构需要利用语篇进行讨论,旧的语篇或已做过的高考题进行结构讨论。对旧的语篇的回顾,来提炼结构特征,这样能较好的开展活动,巩固已学知识。第二、提供其他版本的语篇,提供可以作为学生写作范文的语篇。根据高考作文的常考话题,让学生有话可说。第三、从要素、内容进行再一次输入,进行要素分析更具体,和常见话题内容扣在一起(词、短语、句型),同样依赖于已学语篇、针对性会强。

[关键词]  语篇的认知框架理论,结构,话题写作, 语篇的粘连性和连贯性,与应用文结合的话题写作


一. 问题的提出

英语写作教学是中学英语教学的重点和难点,也是评价学生综合语言运用能力的重要方面。许多老师认为,指导学生写作费时费力,见效慢, 因此往往采用传统的方式,停留在学生写→教师改→简单讲评→例文背诵的层面上, 使写作教学无法实现其独特的学习建构功能。学生在写作前没有充足的与写作话题相关的语言输入,没有对文本的深度思考,没有批判性思维的培养,写作时得不到指导,写作后没有反思,自然就无法改进,总是停留在初级水平,在写作时往往出现词汇匮乏、结构松散、条理不清、语言表达不地道或无话可写等问题。实际上,写作课是长期进行的类型训练,长此以往,不仅学生的写作能力可以提高,阅读能力也会有进步。

二.语篇的认知框架理论证明进行话题写作的必要性

在语篇理解时,框架是我们心理上构建的全部概念系统。在一个概念系统中,理解任何一个概念,必须以理解它所适应的整个结构为前提。这个观点正好符合语言哲学上的整体论。举个例说。Mary was invited to Jack’s party. She wondered if he would like a kite. 这个例子中没有直接提到“生日聚会”,但是一般人们会很快激活这样一个框架:在英语文化中,“生日聚会”的框架会有一些典型的“空槽“,在参与者、使用物品、后续时间等方面,通常都会有一些经常出现的或期待的信息或概念。在刚才的例子里kite就是一个关键词,我们可以推断出这个聚会是小孩子的。如果把kite 换为Cuban cigars,那么这个框架就不是小孩子的,而是成人的生日聚会了。比如下面这些词Origin Meaning DressingActivity Celebrate, lunar/ solar, end, date, decade,extend ,originateSymbolize, symbolical, symbol, stand for, mark Dress,mask , magnificent, costume, magic,Exchange, decorate, unite, wander, mourn, hug, parade, toast, lantern, fireworks, reunion, celebration, decoration, holy, ceremony

就会让人想到一个框架:节日。语篇中某些关键词可以激活一个文化和认知上的情景场景,从而有助于对语篇意义的理解,也为语篇语义的构建指明了方向。在构建语篇语义的过程中,理解者总是自觉或不自觉地运用认知和记忆中的框架结构,去积极地处理输入的信息,把语义的现实和内部心理中关于认知框架的知识有机地联系起来,以便在大脑中形成新的记忆轨迹,获得新的知识。实际语篇交际时,框架不是一成不变的,它会随着话语的展开而发生相应的变化,这就是框架装换。我们在写作之前,对某基本框架越熟悉,越清楚,越能表达清晰。当然在熟悉的基础上才能有所变化,才能写出语言流畅,结构清晰的文章。我记得南京师范大学的刘学慧教授谈到要让学生能够从语言,话题的注意到输入再到输出的过程是将短期记忆变为长时记忆时的过程,这样学生才能真正做到有话可说,才能写出语言地道,结构清晰,逻辑连贯的文章。否者学生的写作水平永远停留在最初的水平。而我们老师要做的就是通过不同话题材料的学习,在学生头脑中逐一构建相关框架,变短时记忆为长时记忆。

三.基于话题阅读后的策略及写作实例

Input:让学生阅读之前,设置合适的问题来激发学生的阅读动机。

策略1:常用的提问有

• 1. How do you understand the sentence ?

• 2. Can you explain in your own way ?

• 3. Can you translate the sentence ?

• 4. Which sentences do you like ? Why ?

• 5. Why A is used instead of  B ?

• 6. Which one is better ?

策略2:让学生针对表达某种意思的特定句式或词语做划线。

• How do you find the writer describes …. ?

• What sentence structures are often used ?  Please underline them.

• If you think the problem is very serious and result is very bad , how do you expect it in English

• You may find them in the text and please underline them .

策略3 :回译法

• 可以在快速阅读大意后,回归段落前,回译课文中的部分句子或段落,教师将课文某段/某句先译成汉语,由学生尝试着用英文表达这段意思,然后再回到课文中去对比。

写作实例一 旅游类相关话题写作,利用人教版材料,先从结构加以模仿,再利用优美的短语,句型对双流的黄龙溪古镇进行仿写。

课前预习案

Step I. Brainstorming

Do you like travelling ? Why or why not?

I like/ don’t like travelling because ____________________________________________

Step II. How to introduce a place

Step III.Reading for structure

Rio De Janeiro

 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil’s second largest city, stretches itself lazily along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a beautiful city. It has modern malls, theme parks and beautiful beaches. A trip to Rio will also give you a glimpse of the happy lifestyle of the cariocas(里约热内卢人).

  Downtown Rio is the city’s cultural and historical heart. It is also the perfect place for a walk. Old buildings and churches stand next to stores and dance halls, and a walk through downtown Rio is a history lesson and adventure. The many tall office buildings remind visitors that Rio is an important a785bmercial city.

  The beach is never far away in Rio. Visitors who get tired of the sand and the sun can cool off in one of the many cafes, shops and restaurants on the main avenue.

 few visitors leave Rio feeling disappointed. The best time to visit is in June or July, when the South American winter cools the city, but the biggest tourism season a785bes around March, when the cariocas celebrate the sun with a four-day festival ,which is known as Carnival.

Task1 Match the main idea with each paragraph.

Para 1     The best time to visit Rio

Para 2     Brief impression of Rio

Para 3     Features( old buildings& an important a785bmercial city)

Para 4     another feature(the beach)

Task 2 Find some sentences or expressions that you like and tell me why.

Para1:_______________________________________________________________

Para2:_______________________________________________________________

Para3:_______________________________________________________________ Para4:_______________________________________________________________

课中探究案

Learning aims:

At the end of the lesson, we are able to

1. understand the content of a resort description based on analyzing the structure of the passage  .

2. learn to imitate some beautiful words and expressions.

3. try to apply learned words and expressions to your writing .

4. do peer correction and learn from each other .

Task1. Check the homework of previewing

Task II . Imitative writing

Para 1. Rio _______ itself lazily along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

仿写:A stone dragon ________________________________________________.

A trip to Rio will also _____________________________ the happy lifestyle of the caribcas.

仿写: A trip to Huanglongxi will give you __________________ the life of people in Chengdu.

Para 2 Features( old buildings & an important a785bmercial city))    

It is also the perfect place ________________.

仿写:Huanglongxi is the perfect place _________________.

A walk through downtown Rio is a __________________ and an adventure.

仿写:A walk through Huanglongxi is…/ reminds us that …

____________________________.

Task III. Writing

如你是李华,你有一位英国朋友名叫Tom来双流当交换生,他想周末到双流附近玩耍,比如黄龙溪古镇,但他对此知之甚少,希望你向他向他介绍一下黄龙溪。你准备从哪些方面描述它?(词数120字左右)

Task IV Discussion  (the structure)

2.Tense (时态)

3.Person(人称)

Dear Tom,

四. 语篇的粘连性和连贯性让我们真正认识什么是有效的语篇

我们都知道高考的作文有五个评分档次,其中最高档的作文是这样要求的:1.覆盖了所有的内容要点。2应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。3. 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽量使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致,具有较强的语言运用能力。4. 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑,完全达到了预期的写作目的。这里的第四点其实就在说语篇的衔接与连贯。在一个连贯的语篇中,一个意思必定导出另一个意思,而每一个意思必须具有其可被辨认的记号,“导出”的过程又必须被清清楚楚地表示出来。与语篇主题有关的这些不同的成分,分别出现在句子和段落的层面上,它们应该清晰地与主题融为一体。当发话者离开一部分进入下一个部分的时候,他应该确保受话者能跟上他的思路。连贯性指的是语篇给人的感觉,这种感觉通常是根据两个方面的词序得出来的:

1) 根据每个句子是如何结尾和下一个句子是如何起头,来判断一系列句子是否有粘连性。

2) 根据语篇中所有句子起头的方式,来判断整个语篇是否有连贯性。

要使语篇有连贯性,首先要做到语篇有粘连性。粘连性指的是一种意思上的流畅感,常用读者或听者熟悉的信息作为句子的开头,因为受话者在读一个新的句子前,往往对它前面一两个句子中的信息记得比较清楚,所以用这种方法开始句子,往往会使句子有一种粘连性,也就是说能产生一种意思上的流畅感,下面的划线部分标示了这种粘连性或流畅感。

Some astonishing questions about the nature of the universe have been raised by scientists studying black holes in space. A black hole is created by the collapse of a dead star into a point perhaps no larger than a marble. So much matter a785bpressed into so little volume changes the fabric of space around it in puzzling ways.

取得粘连性是使语篇有连贯性的第一步。有些语篇尽管句与句之间有粘连性,但整体上不一定就有连贯性。如果语篇中的话题无法集中在相关的主题上,语篇就缺少统一性,因此不可能有连贯性。下面一篇短文看似有粘连,但前面在说snowmobile,后面在说potatoes,所以它并不是一篇有连贯性的语篇。

Sayner, Wisconsin, is the snowmobile (摩托雪橇)capital of the world. The buzzing of snowmobile engines fills the air, and their tanklike tracks crisscross the snow. The snow reminds me of Mom’s mashed potatoes, covered with furrows I would draw with my fork. Her mashed potatoes usually make me sick, that’s why I play with them. I like to make a hole in the middle of the potatoes and fill it with melted butter. This behavior has been the subject of long chats between me and my analyst.

再举一个中文的例子

1) 在学校里,他是德智体全面发展的学生。去年同学们评他为“三好学生”。今年他在各方面又取得了很大进步。

2) 在学校里,他是德智体全面发展的学生。去年他被同学们评为“三好学生”。今年他在各方面又取得了很大进步。(王天庆,1985:29)

根据话题连续性理论,当语篇按同一个话题展开时,语篇的连贯程度和可接受性就会高于不连续的语篇。在第一个句子中,话题从“他”转移到“同学们”,然后又回到“他”,由于话题的中断,语篇的连贯程度被削弱,第二句的被动语态的使用保证了话题的连续性,因此连贯程度要大大高于第一句。从语篇的角度看,句式的选择受到语篇因素的制约。语篇中的句子不仅要合乎语法,而且还要与语篇上下文之间构成连贯关系。如果忽视了语篇因素对句式选择的制约,就会削弱语言使用的得体性,降低语言交际的效率。所以我们有些同学为了能在考试中作文获取高分,每一句都想尽办法使用高级句式,实际上这要视情况而定,要根据语篇来选择适合的句型,而不是为了高级句式而高级句式。


下面一篇短文虽说是halliday 杜撰的一个例子,但已经足以说明句法结构的选择不是任意的,而是受语篇因素的制约。该语篇很难让人接受的主要原因就是句法结构的选择不但使语篇在宏观上未能保持叙述角度的一致性,而且使语篇在信息上未能突出重心,从而导致了句子之间在形式和意义上缺乏必要的承接。


Now a785bes the President here. It’s the window he’s stepping through to wave to the crowd. On his victory his opponent congratulates him. What they are shaking now is hands. A speech is going to be made by him. “Gentleman and ladies. That you are confident in me honours me. I shall, hereby pledge I turn this country into a place, in which what people do safely will be live, and the ones who grow up happily will be able be their children.

五、话题与应用文结合的写作实例

我们都知道书信是高考常见的写作项目,但书信根据不同的目的又会分为不同的类型,如道歉信,感谢信,建议信,介绍信等。它们都有一个整体的语义框架,但与话题结合又是丰富多彩的。所以首先进行话题写作,让学生积累到足够的词汇、短语、句型,及对相关话题语篇结构的把握,然后再过渡到与应用文的结合写作,有实际意义,也符合学生的理解和认知规律。下面是一个我在写作教学中的例子:

Writing letters

Learning objectives: after the lesson, you are expected to :

1、consolidate(巩固) the sentence patterns of six intentions through presentation and a785bpetition.

2、avoid mistakes in writing by showing and correcting mistakes in sentences.

3、make your writing logical(有逻辑的).

课前预习:

Task 1 Review  Write down different polite sentence patterns

Suggest:_____________________________________________________________

Thank:_______________________________________________________________ Apologize:___________________________________________________________

Introduce:___________________________________________________________

Ask for help:________________________________________________________

Invite:______________________________________________________________

Consult/ask for information:____________________________________

课中探究

1.分析范文

2016年成都市一诊

假定你是李华,你校将于2017 年元旦节在学校体育馆组织一次义卖活动。请根据以下要点给你校外教John 写一封信,邀请他一同参加。

1. 活动介绍(时间、地点、物品等);

2. 活动意义;

3. 盼回复参与意向

注意:1.词数100左右;

2.信的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数;

3. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;

4.文中不得透露个人真实姓名和学校名称。

参考词汇:义卖活动charity sale;体育馆stadium

Dear John,

  How is everything going?___________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Yours, Li Hua

Sample:

Dear John,

How is everything going? Knowing that you are enthusiastic about charity activities, I am writing to invite you to join us in a charity sale.

It will be held at the school stadium at 8 a.m. on New Year’s Day, 2017, lasting 4 hours. A variety of items are wela785bed,ranging from books, earphones and handicrafts to home-made cakes.

This activity can bring about various benefits. It can help raise charity awareness and cultivate the habit of helping others. Besides, this is also a precious chance to develop our ability to design and organize activities.

Please let me know whether you will a785be or not as soon as possible.

Looking forward to your reply!(108 words)

                                                                Yours,

                                                                Li Hua

Intention:___________________________________________________________


Brief introduction(time,place,&stuffs):______________________________     Meaning/ Aim:_________________________________________________________

Participation/Ending:____________________________________________________

2. Proof reading

1. There is a charity sale in my school on the first day of the new year. (时态)

2. The activity will be hold in the stadium.(语态)

3. It last one day. ( 时态、主谓一致)

4. Furthermore, you can also bring something you don’t need... Maybe, there will be some students need that. (出现双谓语)

5.The students will sale their books which they won’t need them any more.(词性错误,定语从句中出现的错误)

6.When you a785be, you will see all kinds of things. For example, having clothes, having tools, books and so on. (中文式表达)

3.模仿写作

(2016课标全国II)

第二节书面表达(满分25分)

假定你是李华,你校摄影俱乐部(photography club)将举办国际中学摄影展。请给你的英国朋友Peter写封信。请他提供作品。信的内容包括:

1.主题:环境保护; 2.展览时间;

3.投稿邮箱:intlphotoshow@gmschool.a785b.

注意:

1.词数100左右;

2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

审题:

Intention?

How many points?

Well- organized structure:

Transitional words&sentences you can use from the Sample above:


参考文献

[1].胡曙中著.语篇语言学导论,上海外语教育出版社,2012.

[2]. 黄国文著   功能语言学与语篇分析研究,高等教育出版社.北京,2010

[3]. 戴军熔  郑春红  朱雯   吴璇著    英语阅读教学中的读后活动:设计与实施,浙江大学出版社,  2011




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